EIM31647 - The general rule for employees: expenses: necessarily incurred: an expense is not deductible merely because the employer requires it
You may find that an employer requires or encourages an employee to incur a particular expense. By itself this is not enough to make the expense 바카라 사이트渘ecessary바카라 사이트� in the sense that the word is used in section 336 ITEPA 2003.
In Brown v Bullock (40TC1) a bank manager argued that a subscription to a club was necessarily incurred because his employer required him to be a member in order to foster social contacts. A deduction was not permitted. Donovan L J commented on page 10:
바카라 사이트淭he General Commissioners seem to have accepted this contention, but in my view it is not correct. The test is not whether the employer imposes the expense but whether the duties do, in the sense that, irrespective of what the employer may prescribe, the duties cannot be performed without incurring the particular outlay.바카라 사이트�
This comment was quoted with approval by Lord Templeman in his judgement in the case of Fitzpatrick v CIR (66TC407), a case that was concerned with the cost of newspapers bought by journalists. He went on to add (on page 525):
바카라 사이트淚t does not matter, therefore, whether in the present case the journalists were contractually bound to their employers to expend money in the purchase of other newspapers and magazines or whether they did so voluntarily. Whether or not a journalist thinks it is necessary to read one or more newspaper and periodical his duty is in the production of his employer바카라 사이트檚 newspaper and he is not carrying out that duty when he is reading other newspapers.바카라 사이트�
This emphasises that whether an expense is necessarily incurred is to be determined by looking at the duties of the employment and not by looking at the requirement of the employer. However, it may well be that the requirements of the employer are a relevant factor in determining what are the duties of the employment.