OPSS risk lexicon
Organisational definitions of terms concerned with risk and risk-related matters.
The complete Risk Lexicon with all the underpinning references for its definitions is available to download below but its main text also follows for convenience:
1. Introduction
This Risk Lexicon has been developed by the OPSS risk group with the aim of facilitating clear dialogue and communication within OPSS on the topic of risk and risk-related matters. Because multiple definitions of 바카라 사이트榬isk바카라 사이트� and associated terms such as 바카라 사이트榟azard바카라 사이트� and 바카라 사이트榟arm바카라 사이트� exist, it is important that as an organisation OPSS is clear what is meant when such terms are used in discussion, in OPSS documents, etc. Similarly, a risk lexicon helps provide clarity to stakeholders when in dialogue with OPSS on risk-related matters, and when reading relevant OPSS publications.
The definitions used within the lexicon were initially developed via a process of consensus using the Delphi method (expert panel within OPSS) and with reference to published research. This was followed by a second round of consensus via the Delphi method, this time using an expert panel of external academics. Finally, feedback on the draft lexicon was sought from a range of OPSS staff.
2. Contents
The terms featured within the lexicon have been categorised as either core or supplementary. Core terms are those central to the topic of risk, and on which the meaning must be clear to avoid confusion and misunderstandings. Supplementary terms are relevant to the topic of risk but are likely to be significant only in certain contexts.
Under the core and supplementary headings, the terms are presented in what is felt to be a logical order.
3. Core terms
Hazard
Definition: 바카라 사이트淎 potential source of harm.바카라 사이트�
Note: This is a wide definition that includes products, substances, processes, premises, infrastructure and activities. The level of a hazard will be determined by the nature of the harm it can cause (in terms of its severity) and the anticipated extent of that harm (for example in terms of the number of people that could be affected). The EU Rapex guidelines give the following definition: 바카라 사이트淗azard is the intrinsic property of the product that may cause an injury to the consumer who uses the product.바카라 사이트�
Harm
Definition: 바카라 사이트淎dverse impact on individuals, the environment, infrastructure, property, animals, or businesses, and which can include human injury and ill health, damage (including disruptions) to property, damage to the environment, or economic loss.바카라 사이트�
Note: This is a wide definition that includes physical, mental, social and economic adverse impacts. It can also extend to the failure to deliver a benefit or preventing a benefit from being realised.
Severity of harm
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he harm (physical, psychological, environmental, etc) that a hazard can potentially cause can have different degrees of severity. The severity of the harm thus reflects the effect the hazard has on the subject under the conditions described in the particular scenario.바카라 사이트�
Note: The guidelines for the management of the European Union Rapid Information System 바카라 사이트楻APEX바카라 사이트� established under Article 12 of Directive 2001/95/EC (the General Product Safety Directive) distinguishes four severity categories, depending on such factors as the reversibility of an injury, i.e. whether recovery from an injury is possible and to what extent. This categorisation is for guidance only, and a risk assessor should change the category if necessary, and report it in the risk assessment; this should be done to reflect a range from a negative effect not likely to require medical attention (i.e. can be treated with first aid) to acute, long-term adverse health impact or death.
Risk
Definition: 바카라 사이트淎 function of the level of a hazard and the likelihood (or probability) that the hazard will cause harm.바카라 사이트�
Note: In some regulatory contexts, the likelihood of compliance / non-compliance is used as a proxy for the likelihood of a hazard causing harm.
Risk is an event that can have negative impact (harm). Conversely an event that can have a positive impact (benefit) is an opportunity, so any situation in which the consequences can be identified beforehand, or assessed post event, in terms of positive and negative impact will, by definition, be classified as either risks or opportunities.
Probability of harm
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he likelihood (probability estimate) of the identified hazard causing harm; this refers to a harm scenario that may indeed materialise during the expected duration of a hazard.바카라 사이트�
Note: The probability of harm can be expressed as a point estimate (typically ranging from 0 to 1); in descriptive terms such as high, medium or low; or both, by attaching descriptions to different point estimates, for example >0.5 (or >50%) = very high probability.
Risk assessment
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he process by which the level of risk associated with a particular hazard is identified and categorised.바카라 사이트�
Note: The categorisation process normally allows comparisons to be made between different hazards.
Risk evaluation
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he process by which the outcome of a risk assessment is combined with policy considerations to characterise the risk and inform decisions on risk management.바카라 사이트�
Note: Relevant policy considerations can include how the risk is perceived by the public, political concerns and societal concerns, and wider organisational objectives. Other considerations might include the nature of the risk, in particular whether it is created by a high level of hazard or a high likelihood of harm, and its characteristics (for example controllability, familiarity).
Risk management
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he elimination, control or mitigation of risk.바카라 사이트�
Risk analysis
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he constituents of a process by which situations of risk are considered and involves identifying: (1) the hazardous event whose occurrence would cause the risk, (2) the consequence(s), known as harm, associated with that event, (3) the population at risk, (4) the risk per unit of exposure, (5) the level of exposure of members of the population.바카라 사이트�
Note: Risk analysis can be taken to refer to the formal constituent procedures required when considering situations of risk, and these include: risk assessment, risk evaluation, risk management and risk communication.
Risk-based regulation
Definition: 바카라 사이트淲here consideration of risk is embedded in regulatory decision making at all levels, and priorities are established according to the outcomes of risk assessment.바카라 사이트�
4. Supplementary terms
Risk communication
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he interactive exchange of information and opinions throughout the risk analysis process concerning the existence, nature, form, severity or acceptability of risk, risk-related factors and risk perceptions among risk assessors, risk managers, consumers, industry, the academic community and other interested parties, including the explanation of risk assessment findings and the basis of risk management decisions.바카라 사이트�
Note: There is a need to acknowledge that the communication of risk is integral to the entire risk analysis process, and it is often adapted to suit the recipient (for example risk assessor, risk manager, policy maker, media, citizens, industry). Risk communication includes content conveyed numerically (for example probabilities, frequencies) and/or categories or ranks (for example low, moderate, high) that represents risk to audiences that are engaged with and dependent upon risk analysis.
Risk appetite
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he amount of risk an entity (individual, organisation, regulator) is willing to accept in pursuit of value (for example financial, personal, societal, political) to that entity.바카라 사이트�
Risk perception
Definition: 바카라 사이트淎ttributions of, and/or a recognition of the presence of, risk.바카라 사이트�
Note: This can be informed by the probability of an occurrence together with psychological factors that include risk origin, severity, controllability, familiarity.바카라 사이트�
Risk preference
Definition: 바카라 사이트淎 tendency reflected in a context(s) where choices are made (that are more or less risky according to a utility function) and where those choices can be classed along a continuum from risk avoiding to risk seeking.바카라 사이트�
Risk exposure
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he vulnerabilities faced by an individual (or population) as an estimated likelihood of a single hazard or a combination of hazards occurring as a direct (or indirect) consequence of activities and their frequency.바카라 사이트�
Risk quantification
Definition: 바카라 사이트淎 means of articulating the size of a risk.바카라 사이트�
Note: Articulating the size of a risk can be in the form of an estimate, such as the likelihood of a hazard (this can be quantified [for example 0.001 to 0.01]) causing harm. Where risk cannot be quantified, such that there are cases for which there is limited or no data from which to determine a likelihood estimate, then expert judgment is required to determine a likelihood estimate. Under these conditions, it is appropriate to assert a qualification of the estimate, which involves a rationale for the estimate along with an estimate of uncertainty of the likelihood estimate.
Risk tolerability
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he acceptability of a perceived risk based upon the current values of society.바카라 사이트�
Note: The degree to which a risk is tolerable will usually be influenced by the associated benefits derived and the degree to which it is seen as being effectively controlled and managed.
Threat
Definition: 바카라 사이트淎ny situation or circumstances that has the potential to create or increase risk.바카라 사이트�
Uncertainty
Definition: 바카라 사이트淎 function of the lack of information and differences in certainty between individuals that reflect differences in personal experience and beliefs.바카라 사이트�
Note: Uncertainty includes the state of belief with respect to the knowledge of a given event, whereby that knowledge can be limited in reliability, is imprecise, can conflict with other information that could have a bearing on the event, or incomplete.
Uncertainty analysis
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he recognition and assessment of uncertainties in all the activities concerning the scientific process that is implemented when conducting a risk assessment.바카라 사이트�
Note: Uncertainty analysis can be formal (explicit quantification of uncertainties) or informal (explicit qualitative ascription of uncertainties) concerning assertions, claims, conclusions made from a risk assessment that has been conducted, for which causal analysis is a critical factor for ensuring that the analysis is robust, coherent, and accurate. Agencies such as the European Food Standards Authority outline possible procedures that can be carried out to support uncertainty analyses, which include (1) identifying uncertainties; (2) describing uncertainties; (3) assessing individual sources of uncertainty; (4) assessing the overall impact of all identified uncertainties on the assessment output, taking account of dependencies; (5) assessing the relative contribution of individual uncertainties to overall uncertainty; (6) documenting and reporting the uncertainty analysis.
Precautionary principle
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he principle under which protective action(s) is taken for the purpose of avoiding harm from an identified hazard, in circumstances where there is limited or no reliable evidence on the extent of the risk posed by that hazard, on the basis that taking no action could allow significant harm to occur.바카라 사이트�
Risk mitigation
Definition: 바카라 사이트淎ctions taken that can potentially limit (but not usually eliminate) the harm that occurs when a risk is realised.바카라 사이트�
Causal analysis of risk
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he characterisation of risk in the context of causality.바카라 사이트�
Note: The characterisation process can be formal (involving quantification of the likelihood of events based on the causal structure of the context of interest) or informal (any representation of identified causes and effects within the context of interest). These characterisations involve identifying: trigger event (initiating event), risk event (the estimation of a negative event occurring), opportunity event (the estimation of a positive event occurring), controls (events that are likely to prevent the trigger event(s) from causing the risk event), mitigating event (events that can potentially prevent the negative consequence of the negative event occurring), impediment event (events that can potentially prevent the positive consequence of the positive event occurring).
Product
Definition: 바카라 사이트淎n item offered in a competitive market that is represented as serving a consumer need.바카라 사이트�
Note: The GPSR 2005 definition states: 바카라 사이트�바카라 사이트減roduct바카라 사이트� means a product which is intended for consumers or likely, under reasonably foreseeable conditions, to be used by consumers even if not intended for them and which is supplied or made available, whether for consideration or not, in the course of a commercial activity바카라 사이트�바카라 사이트�.
Product liability
Definition: Refers to the liability of manufacturers, processors, distributors, and sellers of products for personal harm, injury, or damage (including negligence, strict liability, and breach of warranty).
Note: 바카라 사이트楲iability바카라 사이트� here can include the responsibility of one party for harm or damage caused to another party, which may be a cause for compensation, financially or otherwise, by the former to the latter. The details for product liability also extend to products that include artificial intelligence, or else smart functionalities; (EU commission paper liability SWD (2018) 137 final).
Utilities
Definition: 바카라 사이트淭he associated costs and opportunities associated with the outcomes identified, in situations for which a risk analysis is applied.바카라 사이트�