Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 8 (week ending 26 February 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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NOIDs weekly report
Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/03 | 2023/04 | 2023/05 | 2023/06 | 2023/07 | 2023/08 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 16 | 14 | 14 | 19 | 33 | 12 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 17 | 10 | 17 | 14 | 19 | 12 |
| Borrelia sp | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | 11 |
| Borrelia tillae | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 24 | 13 | 12 | 20 | 14 | 11 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter gracilis | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 178 | 231 | 192 | 219 | 168 | 170 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter other named | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | 2 |
| Campylobacter sp | 729 | 673 | 723 | 640 | 579 | 718 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | - | 2 |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 32 | 37 | 40 | 32 | 31 | 31 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 123 | 142 | 173 | 194 | 105 | 163 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 331 | 284 | 165 | 90 | 221 | 175 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 5 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 14 | 5 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 13,357 | 14,133 | 20,921 | 21,594 | 26,648 | 24,432 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 289 | 281 | 235 | 419 | 326 | 340 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibody positive | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 276 | 364 | 226 | 168 | 124 | 211 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 2,078 | 1,407 | 955 | 1,124 | 976 | 819 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody negative | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 356 | 184 | 193 | 278 | 316 | 216 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 1,317 | 760 | 692 | 868 | 856 | 572 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 2 | 2 | 3 | - | 1 | - |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 18 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 2 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 33 | 28 | 29 | 6 | 12 | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 26 | 13 | 22 | 22 | 16 | 34 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | - | 4 | - | 2 | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 3 | - | 3 | - | - | 4 |
| Giardia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Giardia lamblia | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 82 | 57 | 61 | 78 | 65 | 80 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 18 | 14 | 16 | 8 | 16 | 11 |
| Hepatitis B | 288 | 264 | 226 | 312 | 190 | 287 |
| Hepatitis C | 310 | 347 | 268 | 313 | 278 | 335 |
| Hepatitis D | 7 | 5 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 9 |
| Hepatitis E | 32 | 32 | 32 | 19 | 26 | 32 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 990 | 658 | 485 | 333 | 255 | 1,212 |
| Influenza B | 446 | 470 | 532 | 564 | 636 | 609 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 1 | 6 | 16 | 12 | 28 | 14 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 31 | 22 | 21 | 16 | 13 | 6 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella pneumophila | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Legionella sp | 2 | - | - | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 3 | 1 | - | 7 | 3 | 1 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 98 | 79 | 65 | 74 | 79 | 101 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 18 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 9 | 15 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 1 | - | 8 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| Mumps virus | 5 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 18 | 4 | 28 | 3 | 4 | 8 |
| Plasmodium malariae | 5 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Plasmodium ovale | 4 | - | 3 | - | - | 1 |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 35 | 47 | 44 | 42 | 40 | 47 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 11 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 7 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 3 | - | - | - | 1 | 2 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia sp | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 4 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 43 | 62 | 48 | 37 | 25 | 23 |
| Salmonella bredeney | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 23 | 20 | 15 | 27 | 9 | 8 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella mbandaka | - | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 23 | 10 | 17 | 15 | 48 | 72 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 16 | 9 | 16 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 20 | 23 | 17 | 13 | 5 | 5 |
| Salmonella virchow | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 17 | 17 | 13 | 16 | 9 | 14 |
| Shigella sonnei | 12 | 12 | 16 | 17 | 12 | 12 |
| Shigella sp | 69 | 32 | 37 | 34 | 47 | 72 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 111 | 85 | 94 | 113 | 124 | 96 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 106 | 91 | 112 | 132 | 127 | 124 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)*
Please note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/03 | 2023/04 | 2023/05 | 2023/06 | 2023/07 | 2023/08 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | KPC | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 3 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 4 | 3 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | KPC | 4 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| Ìý | NDM | 3 | 10 | 14 | 6 | 5 | 4 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Other escherichia spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | OXA48 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella other named | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | KPC | 9 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| Ìý | NDM | 3 | 15 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 9 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 6 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella serogenes | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pluralibacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pluralibacter spp | KPC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms*
Please note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/03 | 2023/04 | 2023/05 | 2023/06 | 2023/07 | 2023/08 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 3 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| Other pseudomonas spp | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
*for all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.