Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 48 (week ending 3 December 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/43 | 2023/44 | 2023/45 | 2023/46 | 2023/47 | 2023/48 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 18 | 22 | 12 | 16 | 19 | 17 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 12 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 14 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 40 | 36 | 17 | 14 | 36 | 30 |
| Borrelia sp | 5 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 3 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella melitensis | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Brucella sp | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Burkholderia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 36 | 32 | 27 | 35 | 40 | 31 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 304 | 284 | 303 | 314 | 272 | 207 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter other named | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | - | 3 |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,048 | 1,017 | 976 | 1,046 | 985 | 969 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 19 | 25 | 21 | 38 | 39 | 28 |
| Clostridium tetani | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 20 | 14 | 18 | 14 | 23 | 18 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| SARS coronavirus | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 133 | 129 | 105 | 120 | 132 | 130 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 4 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 6,894 | 5,864 | 3,954 | 4,425 | 4,018 | 4,310 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 97 | 70 | 57 | 55 | 45 | 37 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 25 | 41 | 41 | 36 | 34 | 38 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 163 | 158 | 191 | 177 | 166 | 174 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 60 | 43 | 33 | 67 | 24 | 30 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 139 | 116 | 94 | 114 | 69 | 100 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 1 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 101 | 87 | 116 | 124 | 33 | 17 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 55 | 41 | 64 | 43 | 18 | 7 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 88 | 108 | 63 | 106 | 150 | 139 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 1 | - | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium viatorum | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 23 | 17 | 13 | 13 | 6 | 7 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 9 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 59 | 61 | 73 | 79 | 60 | 67 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 14 | 13 | 14 | 9 | 13 | 15 |
| Hepatitis B | 316 | 321 | 276 | 314 | 329 | 313 |
| Hepatitis C | 275 | 245 | 221 | 324 | 261 | 249 |
| Hepatitis D | 10 | 6 | 3 | 20 | 14 | 10 |
| Hepatitis E | 38 | 20 | 28 | 25 | 22 | 23 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 151 | 205 | 247 | 314 | 370 | 551 |
| Influenza B | 50 | 62 | 79 | 68 | 56 | 49 |
| Influenza indeterminate | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 2 | 17 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 29 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 7 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 6 |
| Legionella sp | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| Leptospira | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leptospira interrogans | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 4 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 8 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 86 | 71 | 65 | 83 | 63 | 65 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 20 | 25 | 26 | 33 | 31 | 35 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 2 | 20 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 5 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 3 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 10 |
| Mumps virus | 4 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 6 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 8 | 1 | - | 16 | - | 14 |
| Plasmodium ovale | 3 | - | - | 3 | - | 5 |
| Plasmodium vivax | 2 | - | - | 3 | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 48 | 45 | 55 | 74 | 56 | 50 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 8 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 11 | 8 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 15 | 18 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 7 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 1 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 62 | 64 | 52 | 64 | 35 | 13 |
| Salmonella chester | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 57 | 76 | 74 | 54 | 24 | 14 |
| Salmonella infantis | 6 | 9 | 6 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella java | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella kentucky | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 7 | 6 | 7 | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | 24 | 14 | 9 | 7 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 18 | 28 | 17 | 27 | 81 | 120 |
| Salmonella stanley | 7 | 8 | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 8 | 8 | 16 | 12 | 26 | 25 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 34 | 36 | 30 | 35 | 11 | 6 |
| Salmonella virchow | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| Shigella flexneri | 13 | 10 | 17 | 22 | 10 | 8 |
| Shigella sonnei | 27 | 33 | 20 | 33 | 26 | 22 |
| Shigella sp | 59 | 48 | 58 | 61 | 60 | 75 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 50 | 52 | 45 | 59 | 61 | 64 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 113 | 134 | 122 | 125 | 119 | 131 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/43 | 2023/44 | 2023/45 | 2023/46 | 2023/47 | 2023/48 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 3 | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 4 | 3 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Cronobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cronobacter sakazakii | KPC | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other cronobacter spp | KPC | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 7 | 14 | 10 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 7 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 9 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 3 | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| Ìý | NDM | 13 | 6 | 15 | 11 | 10 | 3 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 17 | 12 | 18 | 16 | 18 | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | - | - |
| Escherichia hermannii | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Escherichia vulneris | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other escherichia spp | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Hafnia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hafnia alvei | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | IMP | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | IMP | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 8 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 6 | - | 1 | 2 | 5 | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 7 | 8 | 14 | 9 | 16 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 7 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 7 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 17 | 15 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Pluralibacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pluralibacter gergoviae | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other proteus spp | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other raoultella spp | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other serratia spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/43 | 2023/44 | 2023/45 | 2023/46 | 2023/47 | 2023/48 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other acinetobacter spp | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | 3 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Pseudomonas putida group | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |