Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 45 (week ending 12 November 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/40 | 2023/41 | 2023/42 | 2023/43 | 2023/44 | 2023/45 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 25 | 28 | 34 | 17 | 20 | 13 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 15 | 14 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 12 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 35 | 52 | 38 | 39 | 36 | 17 |
| Borrelia sp | 4 | 11 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella canis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Brucella melitensis | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Brucella sp | 1 | - | - | - | - | 2 |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 28 | 46 | 28 | 36 | 32 | 24 |
| Campylobacter gracilis | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 257 | 333 | 239 | 303 | 281 | 271 |
| Campylobacter other named | 1 | 4 | - | 2 | 2 | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 930 | 973 | 1,104 | 1,042 | 1,012 | 992 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | - | 1 | 3 | - | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 30 | 26 | 24 | 19 | 25 | 21 |
| Clostridium tetani | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 29 | 16 | 22 | 20 | 14 | 18 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 124 | 126 | 114 | 133 | 129 | 104 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 6 | 8 | 2 | 6 | - | 2 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 15,899 | 12,027 | 8,839 | 6,895 | 5,865 | 3,211 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 136 | 124 | 167 | 96 | 70 | 55 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 72 | 60 | 58 | 25 | 41 | 41 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 230 | 207 | 236 | 163 | 158 | 191 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 55 | 105 | 49 | 60 | 43 | 32 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 178 | 260 | 145 | 139 | 111 | 92 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 4 | - | 2 | 1 | 8 | 1 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium felis | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 171 | 193 | 127 | 100 | 69 | 30 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 66 | 87 | 64 | 52 | 32 | 13 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 75 | 92 | 156 | 94 | 135 | 200 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 21 | 19 | 38 | 21 | 15 | 11 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 4 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 2 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 45 | 61 | 53 | 59 | 61 | 70 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 13 | 22 | 22 | 14 | 13 | 13 |
| Hepatitis B | 246 | 329 | 298 | 308 | 309 | 240 |
| Hepatitis C | 312 | 282 | 273 | 272 | 235 | 200 |
| Hepatitis D | 6 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 3 |
| Hepatitis E | 31 | 33 | 28 | 36 | 20 | 28 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 101 | 130 | 122 | 151 | 204 | 245 |
| Influenza B | 55 | 70 | 50 | 50 | 62 | 78 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 6 | - | 5 | 2 | 17 | 4 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Legionella other named | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 4 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 3 |
| Legionella sp | 8 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 6 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 82 | 97 | 69 | 83 | 71 | 60 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 10 | 20 | 32 | 19 | 25 | 25 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 2 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 20 | 8 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| Mumps virus | 2 | 8 | - | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 30 | 19 | 15 | 8 | 1 | - |
| Plasmodium malariae | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | 2 | 1 | 3 | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 46 | 87 | 53 | 48 | 45 | 55 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 5 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 5 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 7 | 19 | 25 | 15 | 18 | 12 |
| Rabies virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rabies virus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 3 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 54 | 84 | 55 | 64 | 41 | 21 |
| Salmonella agona | 5 | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella bareilly | - | - | 7 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella braenderup | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella chester | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 81 | 104 | 101 | 55 | 42 | 16 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | 9 | 7 | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella java | - | 8 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella kentucky | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 9 | 7 | 10 | 7 | - | - |
| Salmonella oranienburg | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | 20 | 16 | 16 | 22 | 9 | 6 |
| Salmonella sp | 13 | 20 | 24 | 26 | 115 | 147 |
| Salmonella stanley | - | 9 | 11 | 7 | 8 | - |
| Salmonella thompson | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 25 | 18 | 22 | 8 | 8 | 12 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 32 | 47 | 31 | 33 | 17 | 10 |
| Salmonella unnamed | - | - | - | - | 5 | - |
| Salmonella virchow | 5 | - | - | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | - | 9 | 5 | 5 | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 11 | 15 | 12 | 11 | 5 | 12 |
| Shigella sonnei | 20 | 31 | 36 | 27 | 31 | 12 |
| Shigella sp | 46 | 43 | 66 | 61 | 54 | 71 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 33 | 43 | 55 | 49 | 52 | 46 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 77 | 104 | 112 | 113 | 133 | 122 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | - | 3 | - | - | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/40 | 2023/41 | 2023/42 | 2023/43 | 2023/44 | 2023/45 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | - | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 3 | 2 | - | 4 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cronobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cronobacter sakazakii | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other cronobacter spp | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | 7 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 13 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 8 | 12 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Enterobacter other named | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | NDM | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 6 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 11 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 6 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 13 | 15 | 5 | 15 | 10 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Escherichia hermannii | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Escherichia vulneris | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | OXA48 | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 1 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 3 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 6 | - | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 3 | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 8 | 11 | 15 | 7 | 7 | 4 |
| Ìý | NDM | 11 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 6 | 5 | 17 | 14 | 12 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Morganella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Morganella morganii | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Pantoea | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pantoea agglomerans | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other pantoea spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other proteus spp | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other serratia spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/40 | 2023/41 | 2023/42 | 2023/43 | 2023/44 | 2023/45 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/baumannii complex | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other acinetobacter spp | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas koreensis | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas stutzeri group | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |