Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 25 (week ending 25 June 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/20 | 2023/21 | 2023/22 | 2023/23 | 2023/24 | 2023/25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 11 | 10 | 17 | 25 | 19 | 24 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 6 | - | 4 | 3 | 6 | 20 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 16 | 17 | 13 | 24 | 16 | 22 |
| Borrelia sp | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| Borrelia tillae | 1 | 3 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella melitensis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Brucella sp | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Burkholderia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 21 | 23 | 27 | 41 | 39 | 57 |
| Campylobacter curvus | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 351 | 314 | 294 | 361 | 384 | 375 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter other named | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,161 | 1,048 | 960 | 1,360 | 1,422 | 1,357 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 3 | 1 | - | - | 3 | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | 2 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 33 | 49 | 27 | 35 | 27 | 30 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 28 | 35 | 24 | 23 | 25 | 19 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| SARS coronavirus | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 132 | 80 | 74 | 70 | 116 | 109 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | - | 1 | 2 | 9 | 4 | 4 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (covid- 19) | 6,823 | 5,889 | 4,704 | 4,299 | 3,216 | 2,471 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (covid- 19) indeterminate | 78 | 68 | 71 | 48 | 96 | 28 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 60 | 59 | 48 | 46 | 87 | 75 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 179 | 181 | 120 | 173 | 376 | 344 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 79 | 79 | 38 | 62 | 58 | 40 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 217 | 201 | 118 | 136 | 158 | 122 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | - | 3 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | 1 | - | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 3 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 80 | 64 | 46 | 45 | 37 | 19 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 34 | 25 | 20 | 26 | 33 | 48 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 8 | 21 | 17 | 15 | 11 | 14 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 6 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 65 | 69 | 74 | 64 | 60 | 59 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 8 | 11 | 8 | 19 | 14 | 16 |
| Hepatitis B | 289 | 300 | 257 | 302 | 295 | 255 |
| Hepatitis C | 407 | 469 | 331 | 399 | 415 | 400 |
| Hepatitis D | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 |
| Hepatitis E | 21 | 38 | 20 | 29 | 39 | 24 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 36 | 31 | 49 | 34 | 48 | 57 |
| Influenza B | 71 | 53 | 25 | 32 | 26 | 25 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 7 | 14 | 1 | 5 | - | 1 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 3 | - | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 8 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 8 |
| Legionella sp | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 3 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 15 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 96 | 112 | 104 | 102 | 96 | 85 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 19 | 18 | 8 | 15 | 25 | 18 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 4 | - | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 8 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 6 |
| Mumps virus | 1 | 6 | 2 | - | 13 | 2 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 1 | 5 | 2 | - | 18 | 1 |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 54 | 28 | 34 | 38 | 38 | 86 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 9 | 11 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | - | - | - | 1 | - | 2 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 4 | - | 5 | 4 | 2 | 5 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 72 | 75 | 61 | 58 | 60 | 20 |
| Salmonella agona | - | - | - | - | 6 | - |
| Salmonella chester | - | - | - | 5 | - | 5 |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 52 | 57 | 64 | 63 | 52 | 22 |
| Salmonella infantis | 7 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 16 | 10 | 13 | 17 | 101 | 139 |
| Salmonella stanley | 5 | - | 5 | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 14 | 14 | 14 | 17 | 6 | 7 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 27 | 29 | 35 | 29 | 17 | 14 |
| Salmonella enterica | 5 | 6 | 6 | - | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | - | 2 | - | 2 | - | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | - | 1 | - | 2 | 1 |
| Shigella flexneri | 20 | 12 | 17 | 13 | 16 | 6 |
| Shigella sonnei | 24 | 14 | 10 | 33 | 26 | 20 |
| Shigella sp | 49 | 40 | 43 | 42 | 70 | 53 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 65 | 99 | 67 | 92 | 81 | 88 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 109 | 106 | 113 | 104 | 90 | 101 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | - | 1 | - | 1 | 3 | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/20 | 2023/21 | 2023/22 | 2023/23 | 2023/24 | 2023/25 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | KPC | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | 1 | 4 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | - | - | 3 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 5 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 6 | 11 | 7 | 9 | 3 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 5 | 1 | - | 3 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | - | - | - | 3 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
| Ìý | NDM | 10 | 14 | 9 | 11 | 8 | 7 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 9 | 11 | 15 | 12 | 16 | 3 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Escherichia vulneris | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 4 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 4 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 2 |
| Ìý | NDM | 6 | 9 | 4 | 11 | 2 | 4 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 14 | 3 | 3 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Morganella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Morganella morganii | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other proteus spp | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Salmonella kentucky | OXA48 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/20 | 2023/21 | 2023/22 | 2023/23 | 2023/24 | 2023/25 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/baumannii complex | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |