Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 1 (week ending 8 January 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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NOIDs weekly report
Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2022/48 | 2022/49 | 2022/50 | 2022/51 | 2022/52 | 2023/01 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 16 | 18 | 15 | 11 | 10 | 14 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | - |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 14 | 21 | 24 | 20 | 8 | 10 |
| Borrelia sp | 3 | 4 | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Borrelia tillae | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | - | - |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella melitensis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Brucella sp | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 21 | 29 | 25 | 29 | 13 | 14 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 202 | 193 | 152 | 283 | 128 | 138 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter other named | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter sp | 800 | 753 | 610 | 623 | 343 | 465 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 29 | 34 | 34 | 50 | 33 | 32 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 58 | 66 | 141 | 165 | 183 | 121 |
| SARS coronavirus | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 177 | 218 | 284 | 276 | 195 | 205 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 40 | 22 | 6 | 14 | 6 | 6 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 23,408 | 29,104 | 38,019 | 42,373 | 37,434 | 29,570 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 283 | 286 | 390 | 414 | 373 | 431 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 222 | 217 | 332 | 804 | 110 | 165 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 1,278 | 1,170 | 1,466 | 1,800 | 453 | 691 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody positive | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 256 | 264 | 278 | 405 | 83 | 158 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 1,063 | 1,005 | 920 | 1,328 | 292 | 722 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 2 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Coxiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coxiella burnetii | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium felis | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 17 | 14 | 21 | 34 | 5 | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 25 | 29 | 31 | 60 | 9 | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 34 | 31 | 26 | 31 | 17 | 26 |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | 5 | 1 | 2 | - | 2 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 4 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 5 | 8 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Giardia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Giardia lamblia | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 52 | 45 | 66 | 74 | 60 | 87 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 13 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 2 | 6 |
| Hepatitis B | 275 | 239 | 270 | 266 | 133 | 169 |
| Hepatitis C | 263 | 256 | 309 | 326 | 201 | 203 |
| Hepatitis D | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Hepatitis E | 16 | 34 | 46 | 52 | 26 | 24 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 4,386 | 7,134 | 12,466 | 22,552 | 14,693 | 7,461 |
| Influenza B | 293 | 355 | 545 | 768 | 852 | 748 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 4 | 8 | 43 | 17 | 50 | 22 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 113 | 277 | 349 | 663 | 539 | 243 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 5 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 5 |
| Legionella sp | 3 | - | - | - | 3 | 4 |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 4 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 82 | 80 | 76 | 72 | 32 | 34 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 13 | 21 | 20 | 26 | 25 | 40 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 5 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | - | 1 | - | 3 | - | 1 |
| Mumps virus | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 2 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | 4 | 10 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Plasmodium malariae | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 35 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 28 | 28 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia other named | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 3 | 4 | 5 | - | 4 | 3 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 49 | 51 | 49 | 47 | 24 | 21 |
| Salmonella agona | 5 | 6 | - | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 35 | 45 | 23 | 22 | 8 | 5 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | 6 | - | - | 6 | - |
| Salmonella java | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella mbandaka | - | 14 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 13 | 10 | 14 | 50 | 35 | 63 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 9 | 8 | 9 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 22 | 22 | 24 | 21 | 13 | 5 |
| Salmonella enterica | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 13 | 10 | 20 | 5 | 6 | 8 |
| Shigella sonnei | 27 | 22 | 17 | 17 | 12 | 6 |
| Shigella sp | 43 | 25 | 32 | 40 | 15 | 35 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 82 | 145 | 140 | 204 | 191 | 183 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 116 | 157 | 141 | 212 | 283 | 228 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)*
Please note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2022/48 | 2022/49 | 2022/50 | 2022/51 | 2022/52 | 2023/01 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | KPC | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | KPC | 3 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 1 | 3 | - | 3 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 3 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | KPC | 6 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 3 |
| Ìý | NDM | 13 | 12 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 1 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 13 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | 11 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 6 |
| Ìý | NDM | 3 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 6 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Other proteus spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | OXA48 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other raoultella spp | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms*
Please note: The numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit
| Week notification received | 2022/48 | 2022/49 | 2022/50 | 2022/51 | 2022/52 | 2023/01 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | - | - | - | 2 | - | 1 |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 3 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
*for all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.