Accredited official statistics

Total income from farming in England in 2024

Updated 31 July 2025

Applies to England

This release presents the account of Total Income from Farming (TIFF) in England for 2024 and is subject to a degree of revision in future years when additional data becomes available.

TIFF is the income to those who own businesses within the agricultural industry. It is the total profit from all farming businesses in England on a calendar year basis. It measures the return to all entrepreneurs for their management, inputs, labour and capital invested. The term 바카라 사이트榠ncome바카라 사이트� used throughout this notice refers to TIFF.

In this release, the estimate of TIFF in England for 2023, published in July 2024, has been revised downwards by 拢182 million (-4.0%). This was primarily driven by a substantial upwards revision in the value of expenditure on fertilisers (+拢782 million, +95.3%), which was only partially offset by downwards revisions for other input items and an overall upwards revision to the value of outputs and subsidies. See Section 5.4: Revisions for full details.

Section 1: Key messages

In this section, all values are provided in current prices which is considered the most intuitive approach for comparisons over a short time period. It should be noted that these values have not been adjusted for inflation.

• Total Income from Farming (TIFF) in England in 2024 was 拢5.3 billion, an increase of 拢1.0 billion (+22.5%) from 2023. This increase in TIFF was driven by a 拢0.9 billion decrease in the value of inputs coupled with a 拢0.1 billion increase in the value of outputs.

• In 2024, agriculture바카라 사이트檚 contribution to England바카라 사이트檚 economy (Gross Value Added at basic prices) was 拢10.7 billion, an increase of 拢1.0 billion (+9.9%) from 2023.

• Total crop output in 2024 was 拢9.8 billion, a decrease of 拢0.6 billion (-6.0%) from 2023. A poor harvest coupled with a decrease in the prices of key crop commodities resulted in large decreases in the values of cereals (-22.8%) and industrial crops (-15.8%).

• Total livestock output was 拢12.9 billion, an increase of 拢0.7 billion (+5.6%) from 2023, driven by increases in the values of eggs (+62.6%) and beef (+13.6%). In both sectors, high commodity prices strengthened producer confidence, leading to increased production volumes. However, it should be noted that an improved methodology for Defra egg statistics in 2024 is estimated to have contributed around a third of the year-on-year increase for eggs.

• Intermediate consumption in 2024 was 拢14.8 billion, a decrease of 拢0.9 billion (-5.5%) from 2023. There were large decreases in the values of animal feed and fertiliser, 拢0.5 billion and 拢0.4 billion respectively, due to price falls in the global energy market.

Table 1: The five largest changes from 2023 to 2024 (拢 million)

Account item	Change from 2023 to 2024	% Change from 2023 to 2024
Wheat	- 722	- 26.9%
Animal feed	- 464	- 9.2%
Fertilisers	- 379	- 23.6%
Eggs	+ 299	+ 62.6%
Beef	+ 246	+ 13.6%

Notes:

1. It should be noted that an improved methodology for Defra egg statistics in 2024 is estimated to have contributed around a third of the year-on-year increase for eggs. For more information, please see section 6.1 of Latest UK egg statistics publication.

1.1 Recent comparison of TIFF in England

Figure 1.1: TIFF in England: 2019 to 2024 at current prices

Figure 1.1 is a bar chart showing the Total Income from Farming in England for the past 6 years. The average TIFF over these 6 years is 拢4.5 billion, with the lowest TIFF of 拢3.2 billion in 2020 and the highest TIFF of 拢5.6 billion in 2022. TIFF in 2024 was 拢5.3 billion and is the second highest value in current prices in the last 6 years.

Section 2: Outputs and subsidies

In this section we provide a detailed comparison of the outputs and subsidies from the TIFF account in recent years in current prices. This approach is considered the most intuitive for comparisons over a short time period.

2.1 Overview

Figure 2.1: Outputs breakdown from TIFF in England: 2019 to 2024 at current prices

Figure 2.1 shows the value of all outputs from 2019 to 2024. Values are presented in millions at current prices. Outputs and subsidies represent all financial incomes to farmers. Total livestock output is consistently the largest contributor to the value of all outputs and subsidies.

2.2: Comparing outputs and subsidies from 2023 and 2024

This comparison of the TIFF account from the two most recent years is made between values that have not been adjusted for inflation. This approach is considered the most intuitive for comparisons year to year. See the dataset for the full set of values expressed in current prices.

2.2.1 Livestock

Figure 2.2: Main contributors to livestock output (拢 million)

Account item	2023	2024
Milk	3,824	3,918
Poultry	3,000	2,843
Beef	1,815	2,061
Pigmeat	1,343	1,384
Mutton and lamb	826	1,033
Livestock gross fixed capital formation	788	787
Eggs	478	777

• The largest contribution to total livestock output in TIFF in England in 2024 was milk, contributing 拢3.9 billion, an increase of 拢94 million (+2.5%) from 2023. The English dairy herd has remained stable in 2024 at 1.1 million animals. However, farm gate milk prices increased as the year progressed, as a result of constrained supply and strengthening dairy commodity values. The average annual UK farm-gate price reached 41 pence per litre (ppl), a 4.4% increase from 2023. This increase in farm-gate milk prices drove production volume increases in the latter half of the year.

• In 2024, the largest value increase in total livestock output was for eggs, which increased by 拢299 million to 拢777 million. However, it should be noted that an improved methodology for Defra egg statistics in 2024 is estimated to have contributed around a third of the year-on-year increase for eggs. For more information, please see section 6.1 of Latest UK egg statistics publication. 2024 saw a 拢78 million (+13%) rise in packers바카라 사이트� intake in England and Wales coupled with an 8.7% increase in UK farm-gate egg prices to 144 pence per dozen compared to 2023. This price increase was primarily caused by an increase in production of higher-welfare, higher-cost free range eggs in response to consumer demand.

• The largest percentage change in a livestock item바카라 사이트檚 value was also in eggs, increasing by 62.6% from 2023. The next largest percentage change was in mutton and lamb which increased by 25.0% (拢207 million) from 2023. In 2024, the total population of sheep and lambs in England decreased by 4.3% to 13.8 million and total home-fed UK sheepmeat production also fell by 6.5% to 277 thousand tonnes (dressed carcase weight). The large increase in value was therefore primarily driven by a 19.9% increase in GB finished sheep prices from 578 pence per kilo in 2023 to 693 pence per kilo in 2024 (dressed carcase weight).

2.2.2 Crops

Figure 2.3: Main contributors to crop output (拢 million)

Account item	2023	2024
Wheat	2,679	1,957
Fresh vegetables	1,724	1,774
Plants and flowers	1,599	1,572
Potatoes	823	1,042
Fruits	807	852
Barley	905	767
Other crop products	566	680
Sugar beet	368	365
Oilseed rape	394	264
Protein crops	207	185
Forage plants	200	179

Notes:

1. Potato prices and yield information were previously obtained from the AHDB who stopped producing data midway through 2021. From 2022 we have estimated yields based on input from sector representatives, devolved administrations and coverage of the sector in the farming press. For prices we made use of the Northern Ireland published potato price figures.

• The largest contribution to total crop output in TIFF in England in 2024 was wheat, contributing 拢2.0 billion. Harvested wheat production in England fell by 2.6 thousand tonnes due to a decline in both area and yield of 11.2% and 10.7% respectively, with wet weather conditions in winter 2023 and spring 2024 impacting both quality and yields. The average price of UK breadmaking wheat fell to 拢238.64 per tonne, a decrease of 9.6% compared with 2023. This decrease is due to market stabilisation after the global price volatility caused by the Russia바카라 사이트慤kraine conflict in 2022 and 2023.

• The biggest value decrease in a crop item바카라 사이트檚 value from 2023 was also in wheat, decreasing by 拢722 million. The second biggest value decrease was in barley, which decreased by 拢138 million. Despite a decrease in yield (-5.3%), total barley production saw a small increase (+0.6%) in 2024 to 4.8 million tonnes due to an increase in planted area (+6.2%), so the value decrease was driven by price changes. Similarly to wheat, UK premium malting barley and feed barley prices have decreased from the highs seen in the previous two years to 拢193.37 per tonne (-18.0%) and 拢158.86 per tonne (-9.6%) respectively.

• The largest percentage decrease in a crop item바카라 사이트檚 value was in oilseed rape, which decreased by 33.0% (拢130 million) from 2023. The decrease in value was driven by a 27.1% decrease in area coupled with a 9.9% fall in yield, resulting in a decrease in production of 351 thousand tonnes (-34.2%). In 2024, production was impacted by pest pressures and robust global supplies of alternative protein crops such as soybeans.

2.2.3 Other outputs and subsidies

Figure 2.4: Breakdown of other outputs and subsidies (拢 million)

Account item	2023	2024
Subsidies not linked to production	1,684	1,866
Diversification	1,442	1,482
Other agricultural activities	1,304	1,307

Notes:

1. 바카라 사이트楽ubsidies not linked to production바카라 사이트� includes subsidies not directly linked to production. This includes the basic payment/delinked payments schemes and agri-environment schemes, including the Countryside Stewardship Scheme and Sustainable Farming Incentive.

2. Subsidies captured in the accounts do not include capital grants to farmers. This, alongside more minor differences in reporting scope, means that payments totals reported in this chapter will not align with those in Chapter 10: Agricultural Support Payments, which includes all payments reported as part of the that is submitted to OECD.

3. To improve clarity, the item 바카라 사이트業nseparable non-agricultural activities바카라 사이트� has been renamed 바카라 사이트楧iversification바카라 사이트�.

Section 3: Inputs and costs

3.1 Overview

In this section we provide a detailed comparison of the inputs and costs from the TIFF account in recent years in current prices. This approach is considered the most intuitive for comparisons over a short time period.

Figure 3.1: Inputs breakdown from TIFF in England: 2019 to 2024 at current prices

Notes:

1. 바카라 사이트淩ent and other costs바카라 사이트� includes the account items Rent and Interest.

Figure 3.1 shows the composition of all inputs and costs from 2019 to 2024. Inputs and costs represent all money paid out by farmers during a calendar year. Values are presented in millions at current prices.

3.2 Intermediate consumption

Intermediate consumption represents items that are used up during the production of farm outputs. The accounts are set up in a way to provide a picture of the agriculture industry in an annual year in terms of money spent and money received by farming businesses. For intermediate consumption, we rely on data from the Farm Business Survey on expenditure. However, this data is only available two years in arrears and so our initial estimate each year is based on information from industry experts, which is then replaced with Farm Business Survey data the following year, resulting in revisions to the intermediate consumption estimates. As a result of this, there has been a substantial revision to the value of fertiliser for 2023. See Section 5.4: Revisions for details.

Figure 3.2: Main contributors to intermediate consumption (拢 million)

Account item	2023	2024
Animal feed	5,069	4,604
Other goods and services	2,423	2,657
Total maintenance	1,620	1,599
Agricultural services	1,303	1,300
Energy	1,459	1,290
Fertilisers	1,602	1,224
Plant protection products	947	857
Seeds	814	838
Veterinary expenses	301	319
Bank charges	110	104

• The largest contribution to intermediate consumption in TIFF in England in 2024 was animal feed, contributing 拢4,604 million. Animal feed is made up predominantly by 바카라 사이트榗ompounds바카라 사이트� and 바카라 사이트榮traights바카라 사이트�, with some being produced and sold on farm. Total UK compound feed production increased by 567 kilotonnes (+4.4%) from 2023 due to increased demand, but this was offset by decreases in compound feed prices. Cattle and calf feed decreased by 11.3%, pig feed by 12.2%, sheep feed by 11.2% and poultry feed by 11.2%. Similar decreases were also seen in the prices of animal feed straights, in line with reductions in crop commodity prices.

• The biggest value change in an intermediate consumption item바카라 사이트檚 value from 2023 was also in animal feed, which decreased by 拢464 million. The second biggest change in an intermediate consumption item바카라 사이트檚 value was in fertilisers, which fell by 拢379 million. This was driven by a decrease in the cost of gas, a key input for fertiliser production, in comparison to the high prices seen in 2022 and 2023. The decrease in price led to an increase in fertiliser applications per unit area, however this was offset by reductions in key crop areas, including an 11.2% decrease in wheat area and a 16.8% decrease in winter barley area. It should be noted that there was a large upwards revision to the estimated value of fertilisers in 2023. This was a result of earlier estimates, made on the basis of fertiliser application rates and crop areas, being updated with the latest fertiliser expenditure data from the Farm Business Survey. See Section 5.4: Revisions for details.

• Overall there was a general decreasing trend across the majority of intermediate consumption items, largely driven by a reduction in the high energy and fuel prices seen in 2022 and 2023.

3.3 Other inputs and costs

Figure 3.3: Breakdown of other inputs and costs involved in agriculture (拢 million)

Account item	2023	2024
Total consumption of fixed capital	3,809	3,910
Equipment consumption of fixed capital	1,990	2,062
Buildings consumption of fixed capital	912	936
Livestock consumption of fixed capital	908	912
Compensation of employees	2,178	2,145
Rent	445	434
Interest	530	637

Section 4: Long term trends of TIFF in England

Values in this section are expressed in real terms at 2024 prices. The figures have been adjusted to account for inflation, which allows more meaningful comparisons between years over the longer term.

Figure 4.1: TIFF in England in real terms from 2000 to 2024

• Overall, TIFF in England has increased in real terms in recent decades, despite some large year-on-year fluctuations, and has more than tripled since 2000.

• A notable dip occurred in 2015 and 2016, driven by a strong pound in 2015, a poor 2016 harvest and low commodity prices throughout, before recovering in 2017. Following several years of fluctuations, TIFF in 2021 increased by 44.8% due to increased crops and livestock output values offsetting a large increase in intermediate consumption. TIFF increased in real terms again in 2022 (+15.3%) due to high commodity prices for outputs, despite high input costs. This resulted in the highest TIFF in England in real terms since 1996. In 2023, TIFF fell by 拢1.7 billion (-27.9%) in real terms from 2022. This was driven by a large reduction in the value of crop output due to poor weather conditions impacting cereal and oilseed rape quality and yields.

• In 2024, a relatively poor year for crops was offset by a strong year for livestock due to increased demand and high commodity prices across all livestock categories except poultry and pigs. The resulting increase in output value, coupled with a decrease in intermediate consumption due to reductions in energy and fuel costs, led to an increase in TIFF of 拢0.8 billion (+18.9%) in real terms from 2023, to 拢5.3 billion in 2024.

Section 5 - About these statistics

5.1 Contact details

Responsible statistician: Alexandra Hall

Public enquiries: farmaccounts@defra.gov.uk

For media queries between 9am and 6pm on weekdays:

Telephone: 0330 041 6560

newsdesk@defra.gov.uk (monitored 9am to 6pm on weekdays)

5.2 Accredited Official Statistics

Accredited official statistics are called National Statistics in the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007. An explanation can be found on the Office for .

These statistics were independently reviewed by the UK Statistics Authority (now the Office for Statistics Regulation) in 2014 (see ). They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the and should be labelled 바카라 사이트榓ccredited official statistics바카라 사이트�.

The continued designation of these statistics as accredited official statistics was confirmed in December 2017 following a compliance check by the UK Statistics Authority (now the Office for Statistics Regulation) against the . The compliance check letter can be found on the .

Since the latest review by the Office for Statistics Regulation, we have continued to comply with the Code of Practice for Statistics and have enhanced data quality by reviewing methodologies and data sources. A summary quality report for this statistical release can be found on the 바카라 사이트 website for Aggregate agricultural accounts.

You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards (see contact details above). Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing regulation@statistics.gov.uk or via the OSR website.

5.3 Methodology

TIFF refers to income generated by production within the agricultural industry, including subsidies. TIFF represents business profits and remuneration for work done by owners and other unpaid workers. It excludes changes in the values of assets and stocks due to price changes, but includes non-agricultural activities such as further processing or tourist activities where these cannot be separated from the agricultural business. TIFF is the preferred measure of aggregate income for the agricultural industry, conforming to internationally agreed national accounting principles required by the UK National Accounts.

Values for England are derived by subtracting similar accounts for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom agricultural production and income account. Latest account information for the UK can be found at United Kingdom: Total Income from Farming statistics. Similar information for devolved administrations are available at , and .

The UK level estimates used as a starting point for the estimates in this release were published by Defra on 5 June 2025. The estimates for the Devolved Administrations, which were deducted from the UK estimates, were based on the latest figures for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland available at the time of TIFF UK.

5.4 Revisions

Revisions are intended to increase the precision of the estimates and are routinely the result of more data becoming available over time. Sometimes additional revisions are necessary to refine the methodology or correct historical errors.

TIFF is the relatively small difference between two large numbers and is therefore sensitive to small percentage changes in the values of Outputs and Intermediate Consumption. A combination of a revision downwards in Output and revision upwards in Intermediate Consumption leads to more sizeable revisions in percentage terms to GVA and TIFF.

Table 5.4.1: Revisions in All outputs and subsidies, Inputs and costs, and TIFF for 2023 in current prices (拢 million)

Account item	Previous estimate for 2023 (Published July 2024)	Current estimate for 2023 (Published July 2025)	% Change from July 2024 estimates
All outputs and subsidies	26,708	27,039	1.2%
Inputs and costs	22,167	22,680	2.3%
TIFF	4,541	4,359	-4.0%

The estimate of TIFF in England for 2023, published in July 2024, has been revised down by 拢182 million (-4.0%). TIFF is calculated as the (relatively small) difference between two large numbers, 바카라 사이트榦utputs and subsidies바카라 사이트� and 바카라 사이트榠nputs and costs바카라 사이트�, and so minor changes in these numbers can feed through to cause a large change in the value of TIFF or can cancel reach other out with large changes in the same direction. The 4.0% reduction in the estimate for TIFF 2023 is the result of a 2.3% increase in inputs and costs, despite a 1.2% increase in outputs and subsidies.

A number of TIFF England items for the years 2019 - 2023 have been revised for this release. Due to a reporting hiatus, Scotland TIFF data was estimated for TIFF UK and England releases between 2020 to 2024. We have now replaced these estimates with newly published Scotland TIFF data for TIFF UK and TIFF England publications.

Tables 5.4.2 and 5.4.3 provide further details of revisions to 2023 estimates greater than 拢100 million.

Table 5.4.2: Revisions in outputs for 2023 in current prices (拢 million)

Account item	Previous estimate for 2023 (Published July 2024)	Current estimate for 2023 (Published July 2025)	% Change from July 2024 estimates
Fresh vegetables	1,574	1,724	9.5%
Potatoes	646	823	27.4%
Pigmeat	1,445	1,343	-7.1%

The revision to the values of fresh vegetables and potatoes for 2023 is due to the replacement of volume estimates used for the 2024 TIFF England publication as new data became available.

The revision to the value of pigmeat for 2023 is due to changes in methodology, introducing new weighting to better align fluctuations in price and volume, and revisions to the slaughter back series due to new data becoming available.

Table 5.4.1: Revisions in costs for 2023 in current prices (拢 million)

Account item	Previous estimate for 2023 (Published July 2024)	Current estimate for 2023 (Published July 2025)	% Change from July 2024 estimates
Fertilisers	820	1,602	95.3%
Compensation of employees	2,325	2,178	-6.3%
Interest	370	530	43.4%

For 2023, there has been a substantial upwards revision in the value of expenditure on fertilisers (+拢782 million, +95.3%). The initial estimates are based on trends in fertiliser application rates, and these are then updated the following year based on Farm Business Survey data on fertiliser expenditure. This can cause differences between initial and final estimates when patterns in fertiliser purchasing and application rates do not align, which has been particularly noticeable in the past few years due to price volatility. We are looking into the potential for other sources of fertiliser data and industry intelligence to strengthen our estimation methodology for future years.

The revision to compensation of employees in 2023 is due to industry estimates being replaced with Farm Business Survey data.

The revision to the value of interest in 2023 is due to revisions in the underlying indices on which the value of interest is based.

5.5 Summary quality report

A summary quality report for this statistical release can be found on the 바카라 사이트 website for Aggregate agricultural accounts.

This is an overview note which is not release specific and was last updated in March 2019. It pulls together key qualitative information on the various dimensions of quality as well as providing a summary of methods used to compile the output. It relates to estimates of Total Income from Farming and aims to provide users with information on usability and fitness for purpose of these estimates.

5.6 Quality assurance

DEFRA has in place quality assurance processes to check the accuracy and reliability of the aggregate agricultural accounts that include:

• Ongoing review of methods employed in the calculation of the accounts.

• Assessment of the quality of the estimates of items of the accounts with experts within DEFRA.

• Discussion of items in the accounts with external experts.

5.7 Development areas

DEFRA statisticians carry out a continuous review of methods employed in making estimates of the production and income accounts. This may lead to revisions to data series owing to improvements in methods, in addition to the use of more up-to-date information.

5.8 Main users and uses of these statistics

The aggregate agricultural accounts are used both within government and by the wider agricultural industry in conjunction with other economic information to:

• Monitor the productivity and competitiveness of the farming industry.

• Inform policy decisions and to help monitor and evaluate current policies relating to agriculture in the UK by 바카라 사이트.

• Inform stakeholders of the performance of the agricultural industry.

• Inform research into the economic performance of the agricultural industry.

5.9 User engagement

As part of our ongoing commitment to compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics we wish to strengthen our engagement with users of TIFF England data and better understand how data from this release is used. Consequently, we invite you to of the TIFF England data, so that we can retain your details and inform you of any new releases and provide you with the opportunity to take part in any user engagement activities that we may run.

5.10 Future publications

These estimates for 2024 will be subject to minor revisions in future publications of TIFF in England. The next estimates for TIFF in England for 2025 will be published in the summer of 2026. The availability of additional data and revised data will be incorporated to improve the accuracy of the estimates.

To find out the latest information on when UK government statistics will be released, please visit our statistics release calendar.

5.11 Other publications relevant to this release

A number of publications released by Defra, are relevant to this release. Below is a list of the key publications and links to them on 바카라 사이트

• Total Factor Productivity of the UK agricultural industry

• Total Income from Farming in the UK

• Total Income from Farming for the Regions of England

• Farm Business Survey: Farm Business Income