Research and analysis

Global high consequence infectious disease events: summary June 2024

Updated 15 May 2025

Global high consequence infectious disease events: summary June 2024

Interpreting this report

The report provides updates on known, high consequence infectious disease (HCID) events around the world as monitored by UK Health Security Agency바카라 사이트™s (UKHSA) epidemic intelligence activities.

The report is divided into 2 sections covering all the defined HCID pathogens. The first section contains contact and airborne HCIDs that have been specified for the HCID programme by NHS England. The second section contains additional HCIDs that are important for situational awareness.

Each section contains information on known pathogens and includes descriptions of recent events. If an undiagnosed disease event occurs that could be interpreted as a potential HCID, a third section will be added to the report.

Events found during routine scanning activities that occur in endemic areas will briefly be noted in the report. Active surveillance, other than daily epidemic intelligence activities, of events in endemic areas will not be conducted (for example, actively searching government websites or other sources for data on case numbers).

The target audience for this report is any healthcare professional who may be involved in HCID identification, treatment and management.

Risk rating

Included for each disease is a current risk rating based on the probability of introduction to the UK and potential impact on the UK public. Past UK experience and the global occurrence of travel-associated cases are also considered. Currently, all diseases are classified into one of 3 categories: Low, very low and exceptionally low to negligible.

Incidents of significance of primary HCIDs

Contact HCIDs

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF)

Geographical risk areas	Endemic in Africa, the Balkans, the Middle East and western and south-central Asia. Cases have also been reported in Russia and Georgia. Spain has previously reported locally acquired cases (, with the ) .
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ bite from, or crushing of, an infected tick  바카라 사이트¢ contact with the blood, tissues or body fluids of infected humans or animals
UK experience to date Â	Two cases have been reported in individuals who have travelled to the UK from and .
Risk rating Â	Low 바카라 사이트“ rarely reported in travellers.
Recent cases or outbreaksÂ	Between 1 January and 29 June 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported (123 confirmed), including 35 deaths (case fatality rate (CFR) of 10.8%), from Afghanistan. Confirmed cases were reported from 8 provinces including Kabul, Kunduz, Balkh, Kapisa, Helmand, Baghlan, Takhar, and Paktika. In 2023, Afghanistan reported (383 confirmed), including 114 deaths (CFR of 9.2%). According to media on 27 June 2024, and 4 deaths have been reported in the Dhi Qar Province of Iraq during 2024. A further and 2 associated deaths were reported in Nineveh Province. On 28 June 2024, media reported that the Kurdistan Regional 바카라 사이트 Ministry of Health had registered so far in 2024. In 2024, up to 4 June 2024, North Macedonia바카라 사이트™s Institute of Public Health has reported of CCHF nationally. All of the cases were hospitalised for treatment, with 2 cases reporting exposure to ticks. During June 2024, media reported in Quetta, and in Balochistan, Pakistan. A total of 13 CCHF cases, including one death have been reported in Pakistan so far in 2024. In Russia, on , media reported 10 CCHF cases in the Rostov region. Media also reported in the Republic of Dagestan, and in the Astrakhan region. During 2023, were reported in Russia. In the Tokat Region of Turkey, have been reported between 1 January and 26 June 2024. According to media, fatal cases were reported in Cankri and Sivas regions. On 16 June 2024, the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention reported , including 6 deaths, from Uganda so far in 2024. The cases were reported from Kasese (one case) and Kiruhura (4 cases including 3 deaths) and Lyantonde (5 cases and 3 deaths) districts.

Ebola virus disease (EVD)

Geographical risk areasÂ	Map of countries which have reported EVD cases up to January 2023. No outbreaks of EVD have since been reported.
Sources and routes of infectionÂ	바카라 사이트¢ contact with blood, tissues or body fluids of infected animals, or consumption of raw or undercooked infected animal tissue 바카라 사이트¢ contact with infected human blood or body fluids
UK experience to date	Four confirmed cases (one lab-acquired in the UK in 1976, 3 healthcare workers associated with West African epidemic 2014 to 2015).Â
Risk ratingÂ	Very low 바카라 사이트“ other than during the West Africa outbreak, exported cases are extremely rare.Â
Recent cases or outbreaksÂ	No confirmed or suspected human cases were reported in June 2024.

Lassa fever

Geographical risk areasÂ	Endemic in sub-Saharan West Africa.
Sources and routes of infectionÂ	바카라 사이트¢ contact with excreta, or materials contaminated with excreta from an infected rodent  바카라 사이트¢ inhalation of aerosols of excreta from an infected rodent  바카라 사이트¢ contact with infected human blood or body fluids
UK experience to dateÂ	. Prior to this, 8 imported Lassa fever cases had been reported since 1980, all in travellers from West Africa.
Risk ratingÂ	Low 바카라 사이트“ overall, Lassa fever is the most common imported viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) but importations to the UK are still rare.Â
Recent cases or outbreaks	Between 1 January and 7 June 2024, Liberia reported (13 confirmed; 31 suspected), including 4 deaths. This outbreak began in January 2022. Between 1 January and 23 June 2024, Nigeria reported . 162 deaths were reported amongst confirmed cases (CFR of 17.6%). This is a lower CFR compared to the same period in 2023 (20.0%). Confirmed cases have been reported from 28 out of 36 states.

Marburg virus disease (MVD)

Geographical risk areas	Sporadic outbreaks have previously been reported in Central and Eastern Africa. A human case of MVD was reported in ; this was the first case to be identified in West Africa. for the first time in July 2022. MVD outbreaks were reported for the first time in and in .
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ exposure in mines or caves inhabited by Rousettus bat colonies 바카라 사이트¢ contact with infected human blood or body fluids
UK experience to date	 No reported cases in the UK.
Risk rating	Very low 바카라 사이트“ globally, 5 travel-related exported MVD cases have previously been reported in the literature.
Recent cases or outbreaks	No confirmed or suspected human cases were reported in June 2024.

Airborne HCIDs

Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus

Geographical risk areas	All reported human infections have been .	Â
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ close contact with infected birds or their environments  바카라 사이트¢ close contact with infected humans (no sustained human-to-human transmission)	Â
UK experience to date	No known cases in the UK.	Â
Risk rating	 Very low (UKHSA risk assessment).	Â
Recent cases or outbreaks	No confirmed or suspected human cases were reported in June 2024.	Â

Avian influenza A(H5N1) virus

Geographical risk areas	Human cases have been predominantly reported in South East Asia, but also in Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and Nigeria. Human cases (clade 2.3.4.4b) were and the and , and and 2023. The first human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) (clade 2.3.4.4b) were reported from South America in 2023, from and . Since October 2023, several human cases of clade 2.3.2.1c have been reported in .
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ close contact with infected animals (notably birds) or their environments 바카라 사이트¢ close contact with infected humans (no sustained human-to-human transmission)
UK experience to date	As of September 2023, 5 detections were reported in the UK, and 4 in 2023.
Risk rating	 Very low (UKHSA risk assessment).
Recent cases or outbreaks	No confirmed or suspected human cases were reported in June 2024. Since March 2024, detections of avian influenza A(H5N1) have been reported in dairy cattle in the United States (US). To the end of May 2024, 3 associated human cases were reported in individuals with exposure to infected cattle. No associated human cases were reported during June 2024. For further information see the webpage.

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV)

Geographical risk areas	The Arabian Peninsula 바카라 사이트“ Bahrain, Jordan, Iraq, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. Evidence has also been reported in Iran and Kenya.
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ airborne particles 바카라 사이트¢ direct contact with contaminated environment  바카라 사이트¢ direct contact with camels or consumption of raw camel milkÂ
UK experience to date	바카라 사이트“ 3 imported cases (2012, 2013 and 2018), 2 secondary cases in close family members of the case in 2013, 3 deaths.
Risk rating	 Very low (UKHSA risk assessment).Â
Recent cases or outbreaks	No confirmed or suspected human cases were reported in June 2024.

Mpox (Clade I only)

Geographical risk areas	Central Africa including, .
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ close contact with an infected animal (in an endemic country) or an infected person 바카라 사이트¢ contact with clothing or linens (such as bedding or towels) used by an infected person 바카라 사이트¢ direct contact with mpox skin lesions or scabs 바카라 사이트¢ coughing or sneezing of an individual with an mpox rash 바카라 사이트¢ consumption of contaminated bushmeat
UK experience to date	No cases of Clade I mpox have been reported in the UK.
Risk rating	 Very low 바카라 사이트“ no known importations of Clade I mpox into the UK.
Recent cases or outbreaks	Sequencing data is often not available for mpox cases reported from endemic African countries where Clade I mpox virus is known to circulate. Therefore, we report below all reported mpox cases from these countries, regardless of whether the samples have been sequenced or clade-tested. Between 1 January and 16 June 2024, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) reported , including 419 deaths (CFR of 4.6%), from 23 out of 26 provinces. During 2023, the DRC reported its of mpox cases (14,434 cases, including 728 deaths). In the Republic of the Congo, as of 21 June 2024, and one death were reported from 5 out of 12 provinces. During 2023, 95 mpox cases, including 5 deaths were reported.

Nipah virus

Geographical risk areas	South East Asia, predominantly in . Cases have also been reported in Malaysia and Singapore.
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ direct or indirect exposure to infected bats 바카라 사이트¢ consumption of contaminated raw date palm sap 바카라 사이트¢ close contact with infected pigs or humans
UK experience to date	 No known cases in the UK.
Risk rating	Exceptionally low to negligible 바카라 사이트“ no travel-related infections in the literature.Â
Recent cases or outbreaks	No confirmed cases of Nipah virus infection were reported in June 2024.

Pneumonic plague (Yersinia pestis)

Geographical risk areas	Predominantly . Endemic in Madagascar, Peru, and the DRC.
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ flea bites  바카라 사이트¢ close contact with infected animals  바카라 사이트¢ close contact with human cases of pneumonic plague
UK experience to date	Last outbreak in the UK was in 1918.
Risk rating	Exceptionally low to negligible
Recent cases or outbreaks	On 4 July 2024, a confirmed human case of plague in Colorado State, US. The article does not specify the type of plague that was detected. An average of 7 human plague cases are in the US.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Geographical risk areas	Currently none. Two historical outbreaks originating from China in 2002 and 2004.
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ airborne particles  바카라 사이트¢ direct contact with contaminated environment
UK experience to date	related to the 2002 outbreak.Â
Risk rating	Exceptionally low to negligible
Recent cases or outbreaks	No confirmed or suspected human cases reported globally since 2004.

Incidents of significance of additional HCIDs

Argentine haemorrhagic fever (Junin virus)

Geographical risk areas	(central). Endemic to the provinces of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Santa Fe and La Pampa.
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ direct contact with infected rodents  바카라 사이트¢ inhalation of infectious rodent fluids and excreta  바카라 사이트¢ person-to-person transmission has been documented
UK experience to date	 No known cases in the UK.
Risk rating	Exceptionally low to negligible 바카라 사이트“ was identified in Belgium in 2020.
Recent cases or outbreaks	In 2024, up to 22 June 2024, the Buenos Aires Province Ministry of Health, Argentina, reported cases of Argentine haemorrhagic fever, including 2 deaths. During the equivalent period in 2023, cases were reported in Buenos Aires.

Bolivian haemorrhagic fever (Machupo virus)

Geographical risk areas	Bolivia 바카라 사이트“ (Mamoré, Iténez and Yucuma provinces) and Cochabamba (Cercado province).
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ direct contact with infected rodents  바카라 사이트¢ inhalation of infectious rodent fluids and excreta  바카라 사이트¢ person-to-person transmission has been documented
UK experience to date	 No known cases in the UK.
Risk rating	Exceptionally low to negligible 바카라 사이트“ travel-related cases have never been reported.
Recent cases or outbreaks	No confirmed or suspected human cases were reported in June 2024.

Lujo virus disease

Geographical risk areas	A single case acquired in Zambia led to a cluster in South Africa in 2008.
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ presumed rodent contact (excreta, or materials contaminated with excreta of infected rodent)  바카라 사이트¢ person to person via body fluids
UK experience to date	No known cases in the UK.
Risk rating	Exceptionally low to negligible 바카라 사이트“ a single travel-related case has been reported. No cases have been reported anywhere since 2008.
Recent cases or outbreaks	No cases have been reported anywhere since 2008.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS)

Geographical risk areas	Mainly reported from China (south-eastern), Japan and Korea. Cases have also been reported in , , and . Serological evidence of SFTS in .Â
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ presumed to be tick exposure  바카라 사이트¢ person-to-person transmission described in household and hospital contacts, via contact with blood or bloodstained body fluids
UK experience to date	No known cases in the UK.
Risk rating	Exceptionally low to negligible 바카라 사이트“ not known to have occurred in travellers.
Recent cases or outbreaks	Between January and June 2024, the Korean Disease Control and Prevention Agency reported . This is a lower number of cases reported compared to the equivalent 2023 period (46 cases).

Andes virus (Hantavirus)

Geographical risk areas	 Chile and Southern Argentina.Â
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ rodent contact (excreta, or materials contaminated with excreta from an infected rodent) 바카라 사이트¢ person-to-person transmission described in household and hospital contacts
UK experience to date	 No known cases in the UK.
Risk rating	 Very low 바카라 사이트“ rare cases in travellers have been reported.Â
Recent cases or outbreaks	On 13 June 2024, 7 cases of hantavirus in Jujuy Province, Argentina, since the beginning of 2024. A fatal case was reported by media in Rio Negro Province, on . Neither article specified the type of hantavirus.

Avian influenza A(H5N6) virus

Geographical risk areas	Mostly China. New strain reported in , and subsequently found in Western Europe in birds.Â
Sources and routes of infection	Close contact with infected birds or their environments.Â
UK experience to date	 No known cases in the UK.Â
Risk rating	Very low 바카라 사이트“ not known to have occurred in travellers (UKHSA risk assessment).
Recent cases or outbreaks	During June 2024, of avian influenza A(H5N6) was reported from Fujian Province, China. The source of infection remains unknown. Since 2014, up to 13 June 2024, 92 confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N6), including 37 deaths (case fatality rate of 40%) have been reported in the WHO Western Pacific Region.

Avian influenza A(H7N7) virus

Geographical risk areas	Sporadic occurrence in birds across mainland Europe and the UK. in 1996, in 2003, and in 2013.
Sources and routes of infection	바카라 사이트¢ close contact with infected birds or their environments  바카라 사이트¢ close contact with infected humans (no sustained human-to-human transmission reported)Â
UK experience to date	 No known cases in the UK.
Risk rating	 Very low 바카라 사이트“ human cases are rare, and severe disease even rarer.
Recent cases or outbreaks	No confirmed or suspected human cases were reported in June 2024.

Authors of this report

Emerging Infections and Zoonoses Team, UKHSA.